One In recent years, a lot of European negative act persons sing this kind of view: Western material civilization has gone bankrupt , eastern spiritual civilization will spring up. Last year at my time in Germany, there is a very erudite scholar say with me: " culture is to construct on spirit. Even the soul of easterner has to save , is it is the standard of choice high with morals. Transmigration say , aren't you so? " this kind of speech, though, it is the psychology of a kind of their postwar weariness; However for those boast persons of eastern culture, it is full in order to encourage its tendency flame. See according to my individual to smell , this kind of view also makes west one have not gotten a kind of correct idea for they day by day increased culture. My this rough writing discussion the culture of thing, it is to think that all have a kind of new idea for this two cultures.
2 I am a Chinese, so from hole son says. According to hole, son watches to resemble , make theory of ware, what all cultural origins are spiritual is that since Yi elephant gives birth. " see to be Wei elephant, shape is Wei ware, system uses discrepancy with Zhi-Wei-Zhi-Fa, people salty use , Wei god. " hole son act a lot of facts, prove that this one is theoretical. We see that wood floats on water , have invented ship; See that another kind of wood may sink in water, invent coffin grave with the remain of preservation parents; See in underground that rainwater falls , invent writing in order to record fact, because it does not be seen that perhaps, they also fall down as rainwater.Cypress pulls picture and inferior reason scholar many virtues kind is theoretical. System and the utensil of mankind originate from Yi elephant, inferior reason scholar many Germanies " claim law because of "( formal causes), hole son, cypress pulls picture, inferior reason scholar many Germanies etc. give birth in the times of ancient times, then is indifferent and material , is discussed with spiritual binary, it has thought that so, they can see clearly the back of all objects.Actually, no any culture is material purely. All cultural tools are force and the quality of natural use , reasonable analysis then creates success in order to satisfy curiosity, sense of beauty and the desire of person. We can not say a mud bottle to compare a feelings poem , want material to be some, can not also say the church of Sao Paulo to compare force Er Wei this foreign room wants spirit to be some. Get into wood initially to take fiery time , think this is one is Hu spiritual matter, so, all think that is invented by a great god. The emperor of the Chinese mythology times of remote antiquity is inventor , and is not religious leader. For example Sui person invention fire, there is nest invention house, supernatural farming invention is cultivated with medicine.Our ancestors are owing to all utensils god is very correct. Person is a kind of animal who makes utensil , it is first new era in human cultural history that so, utensil has formed the invention of culture and fire, agricultural invention is second , writing is 3th, printing is 4th. The times world of the middle ancient times is each large amount to teach , from Chinese the East China Sea, run wild to Britain , have flooded the culture of world. Until invent afterwards to watch far mirror, steam machine, electric and radio , world culture just goes to the extent of today. If the times of the middle ancient times are those to hold a memorial ceremony for departments, may be called as "sage", so, Galileo( Galileo), watt, this Di Fen Sun and mould department( Morse) , cypress Er( Bell) , love Di livelihood( Edison) and Ford etc., may be called as god , with Bo-Luo-Mi brother( Prometheus) , Ka-De-Ma-Si( Caddmus) is on equal position. They may represent the most sacred person in crowd, because they can promote culture using intellectual, creation utensil.A national culture may say that is the sum of their acclimatization victory. The success or failure of acclimatization, depend on how they invent the intelligence of utensil. Cultural progress makes progress based on utensil. Bronze times, steel times, Electromechanical times etc. and Stone Age claimed, it is to explain each period of cultural development. The development of each cultural region also and historical development is similar. Thing cultural difference lies in that the utensil used is different. Near 200 years come the progress of eastern and western far prevail against east, its reason is that the West can invent new tool , increases working ability in order to defeat nature. Have though invented some things as to east in ancient times, however, have not made great efforts continuously, with reason, it is still in the backward times of handicraft industry , and western old has long used machinery and electric.This is just thing civilized genuine difference. Eastern civilization is constructed on manpower, and western civilization is constructed on mechanical force. A American friend says to me: " American every male and female old young have 25 so that the servant of 30 machineries replaces to pawn to differ from, however every Chinese has only the mechanical servant of 3/4 for his service. " a American engineer says: " each of America has the 35 servants that cannot see work for him. The worker of America is not the slave of wages , but is the head of a lot of workers. " this is the thing place of not same culture. Them original however make progress degree difference , afterwards day is far back, change into the two cultures of not same foundation.
3 In July 1926, I go to the time that Europe goes to , pass Harbin. This city is the leased territory of Russia , is the town city of little one in the past however , but becomes nowadays over " Chinese north Hai ". From Harbin concession, it does not have the city of a China , additionally, this city is a village in the past. At the time that I play here, a matter makes me pay attention very much: Chinese town all transportations turn with yellow pack or other chooses a person for the job the vehicle of force, however when this kind of car on concession does not allow to pass. Current concession has withdrawn China, however all administrations still shine Russia is old to handle. The traffic of concession is to use trolleybus automobile; If have rickshaw to enter concession , must quit , and do not give fare.Those boast eastern persons of spiritual civilization may consider for this kind of kind fact. A kind of cultural allowable cruel rickshaw exists , " its spirit " where? Do not know that what is the wages of minimum limit , also do not know the restriction of what working hour , know hard work all day long only, what cultural life does this still have? The worker of a America may take his automobile to go to work , brings same family on Sunday to go out to make a sightseeing tour, need not spend money to use radio machine enjoy very good music , may send his children to school to study, there are the best library lab etc. in that school. Whether we believe a life of the bitter force that drags rickshaw, more American worker wants spiritual some morals to melt , is some?Unless we feel really that the life of rickshaw puller is so painful, so, are harmful in their body, we can just respect Ha shelf reason Buddha scholar( Hargreaves), card is denied specially specially( Cartwright), watt, good fortune Er Dun( Fulton), this Di Fen Sun, Ford. They create machine , make mankind break away from pain , bear as nowadays eastern nation.This kind of material civilization - - mechanical progress - - is just spiritual really. Mechanical progress is to increase the ability of human work and production using intellectual creation machine, in order to avoid that bare-handed the toil of pupil foot seeks to live on to live. So, we just have the energy and time that free time remains to appreciate higher culture. If we want toil to work , can just subsist; Have we no what to live? Reach preceding text all to melt this word, the evolution that must have material first is basic. The former pipe of 2600 years Zhong have said: " clothing edible foot knows honor or disgrace , storehouse Lin really know courtesy justice. " this is not what economic history sight, is very simple general knowledge. We think to think: A group of woman children mention bamboo basket , take rod, surround to assemble seek in rubbish heap a broken cloth or coal cinder, what civilization is this called? In this kind of environment can produce the civilization of the spirit of what morals?So, perhaps, somebody will talk about their religious life for the nation that this kind of material civilization lows very much. When this I need not discuss east various religions, their highest holy god also however is Bodhisattva of some wooden vulture of clay sculpture just. However, I will ask: A " old age let to melt the son of old woman, it is very poor, at the time that she dies , still think of south in mouth to have no A-Mi-Tuo Buddha , believe that self can go with the Western Paradise of Buddha surely. Use the faith of a kind of holiday, bully uproar a poverty let to melt son, make him be willing to subsist or die in poverty-stricken life, is this called morals civilized spiritual civilization? If she gives birth in another kind of culture, can you go to this kind of poverty-stricken extent? "Not, it is not so absolutely, person can not resist natural strength always , can just accept those religion of hypnotic type. He twists very much , does not be willing to struggle , so he tries to self console , declaration wealth is contemptible, poverty is honored. Such person, positive-appearing image fox eats not grape, say grape taste on the contrary bitter is the same. This kind of comment is that life that says this life has no what value and happy life almost, return when next life. Sages have propagated this kind of thought , those too drastic styles more and then prohibit to want , self make , even commit suicide. The West hold a memorial ceremony for departments to often pray , fasting, on stigma, flog self. The Chinese times of the middle ancient times also have a lot of monk prayers and fastings, in day, eat sesame oil in day , even bind own temperature with oilcloth to die , offer to Buddha Bodhisattva to be oblation.The culture of world, is for the times of the middle ancient times this kind of have flooded from the religion abandoned. After the year more than 1000, it is those that mankind just overthrows so as poverty-stricken is the culture of center, and construction is the new culture of center with life. Now, we look about four weeks, the religion of the middle ancient times still exists , Wei Wei church still exist , all temples also still exist , however why the idea complete change of us for life? This kind of changes is because mankind has invented a lot of utensils and machines since near 200 years in order to control natural wealth and ability. Using this kind of machine, may save man-days , shorten distance, flight air, through mountain ridge, move stealthily under the sea , use electric current to drag our car , pass our news with "ether". Science and machinery may be utilized at will naturally. Life gradually comfortable this, happiness is some; Mankind also increases for own faith heart, is some. Is so, person the destiny of own , hold in own palm. A revolutionary poet sings:My only war,I am freeMy thought,I die , whatIs so, modern new culture has produced a kind 4 We is historical to produce son, so, we will know modern various cultures , had better be easy comparatively to understand , more compared with the historical background of their the middle ancient times. Thing cultural success or failure is to see that they can break away from those times traditional ideological system of the middle ancient times to what degree. Discuss according to our last each part, Western culture frees the trammels of the culture of the middle ancient times, may say that is successfully biggest; As to the culture of modern India, may say that this is the culture of the middle ancient times. In this end of the two poles, other eastern each cultures and its successful degrees have high next difference each.We will be Japanese and more Chinese more two-phase comparison, for this, is easy to understand more. 1200 years ago, China begins to oppose Buddhism. Kong Zi Zhi is humanitarian, the natural doctrine of father is to try best to oppose the religion of the middle ancient times. 8 century take advantage of Buddhism to change for Buddhist , Buddhist however is the natural doctrine of Chinese ancient times just. At the time of 9 century, Buddhist tries best to oppose idol , has sliped away almost with Buddhism. Have been 11 century, Confucianism is again revived. After being this, Buddhist force has disappeared gradually. Therefore, afterwards new Confucianism, become the philosophic theory of scholar, with reasonable attitude, 'Zhi Zhi Ge Wu' has been middle period of 17 century, scholar studies textual criticism for everything , uses scientific method purely. All the textual criticisms such as writing edition history study , it must be basis with fact. Each scholar adopts this kind of method , conforms with scientific method very much with the so Chinese science of near 300 years; And a lot of historical sciences are studied as writing , edition studies , Sinology and historical relics study etc., it is developed.China though advocate humanism, break away from religious trammels, however today, it is in backward position still. She has overthrown the religion of the times of the middle ancient times , but has no improvement still for mostly people's life. She is good at to use scientific method, however this method is confined to seek nationality aspect. Her thought has gotten freedom, but she has not defeated material environment using thought, makes the daily life of people also get freedom. The philosophy thought of 500 years can not make China escape from the calamity of robber famine, with reason, the scholar of 17 century is disappointment really. So, they have to abandon the philosophy of that house cavity , and are engaged in in them to claim" useful knowledge". But they may dream for ever the hard labor that uses in this 300 years, though being to use scientific method, is still confined to the knowledge on book unavoidably only , and have no remedy for the daily life of the people of ordinary people?It is Japanese, she accepts the mechanical civilization of the West very impolitely , has caused new-style culture in very short period. When cultivating , manage ( Perry) to Japanese time, she anesthetizes still in the culture of the middle ancient times. For Western culture, she still expresses resisting at first, have to but soon open gateway has accepted. Day person since the insult ravage of outsider, so, try best to catch up , make firearms and convenient traffic , try best to produce , regulate politics; And have ignored for the religious feudal system of the middle ancient times. In 50 years, Japan is not only one of world big powers very quickly , and has solved a lot of difficult problems , is the Buddhism of India or place can not solve the philosophy of China. Feudal system has canceled , from constitutionalism government , it is acting , the religion of the middle ancient times has also collapsed immediately. Rickshaw is invented by Japan, but nowadays, the rickshaws of place such as Yokohama Tokyo decreases gradually. The decreasing of rickshaw, and not because the humanitarianism of what religion, also not because those philanthropic offices that kind wives organize , is because of " city Yi round " ' Ford vehicle. Country since industry is rich and prosperous, so, the domestic talent of literature and art seizes the opportunity , have produced a kind of new literature and material progress to run neck and neck. Japan now has the research of 90 special sciences society; The meeting of whole country that engineer organizes each society, possess 3000 members. Since this a lot of manpowers and tools, east has constructed the civilization of a spirit.This is why matter, is easy to understand very much. Initially human is the animal who makes utensil. Invent new utensil in order to have so formed the culture claimed prevail against material environment. Afterwards, human feeling is too tired as having to struggle with nature , is so avoided in the dark times of causing the middle ancient times under cultural life. Until spring up afterwards scientifically with machinery, all and recovery in the past those self-confident heart, and produce the new culture of modern the West. Science and machinery are passed into Japan, so, Japan has also formed her new culture. China, India, and other eastern countries, also surely since science and organization, change into the country of new culture.More each festival, already will the spiritual aspect of modern western mechanical civilization, explain in detail. Machinery is spiritual , is since it can free the poverty-stricken opportunity of life, that makes the masses have to enjoy happiness. Regardless of us, whether is good at to use leisure in order to seek happiness , and use machinery specially in order to free poverty-stricken first floor discuss , may say that is spiritual to lead a life of pleasure. We can not be forced to compel and burn to die because of some missionaries.Now, we will discuss the other spiritual aspects of western civilization. When this I need not talk about what artistic music literature, because we may probably recognize the art of the West with literature may with eastern appearance Jie Hang, as to the music of the West, far prevail against east.We talk about science first. Regardless of us for the definition of cultural life, how to seek knowledge are the needs of human spirit, this is whether any person can not accept. But ancient civilization tries best to suppress this kind of thirst for knowledge. Speak according to biblical wound century, it is human and depraved , is not since woman, is since seek knowledge desire. A lot of eastern religions. Think that ignorance has no to want that view abandonment wisdom is known , say in obedience day. Village son says: " Wu livelihood also has margin, and knowing also have no margin, so as margin is followed without margin, danger already. " these sages evade mostly seek knowledge road , is devoted to province silent sit the times such as discipline, with quest, they claim abstruse wisdom. Return some to think that deep meditation may be interlinked with god. Besides in, Buddhism " claim 4 Buddhists "" 6 degrees", it is also so.In first month of the lunar year of 1927 years, the spiritual civilization of monk in Britain form declaration east that has a Egypt will be excellent and some , because he can alive bury in underground process, may revive at two fifty-two, still for more than minute. He compares big magic domestic Hu Ding Li( Houdini), can support 82 minutes , but theatre has not allowed him to perform, because the boss of theatre is afraid that audience can not bear wait three o'clock.
Actually, this is not what spiritual civilization. Now, a lot of eastern monks of ascetic practice can also perform this kind of trick. A lot of inferior animals when dormancy for period is not as this one? As to those scientists, it is really spiritual and happy really with the secret of discovery nature and the method of experiment and strict research. Is no less than a art and skill , do not use observation, do not know blindly is lazy, definite seek not what truth. May train our mentality scientifically , provide us good tool and method. Wisdom is known though limitlessly, but scientist is not disappointed , because unceasing effort is accumulate over a long period , may be understood gradually for nature. One success has one progress , it is happy to also have one spirit. A-Ji-Mi gets ( Archimedes) the time of taking a bath , suddenly, have explained the problem with his difficult place, his happiness gets do not know place Cuo, red body runs on street shout everywhere. A lot of scientists, as Galileo, Newton and bus special , love Di livelihood, at the time that has what new discovery every time , feel that paramount spirit is happy. As to those ancient timeses under other's name prophets, self thinks to use the time of province, may seek advanced wisdom to know , have no experience completely for the happiness of this kind of spirit.
Those religious believers of old type claim spiritual happy person, not outside Hu independently hypnotic magic touch. At the time of 17 century, China has the philosopher face Yuan of a revolution( 1635 - - 1 or 7 5) , has a fact happiness of his century year personal spirit: ' shell day May summer to former 4 days, think old friend , draw servant to control ( this place original text is [ horse covers ] suit is a word, donkey. Beijing university publishing house 1990 has no this word), quilt soft brown clothing in, carry on the back wheat is left. Servant piles up (, near Taipei modern culture extends society edition to make standing grain [ the of standing grain ]) , is under willow alone , shop is brown to take ceasing. Face upward eye blue sky, soft breeze Ling Ran, white cloud breaks up to assemble , satisfy light chant cloud weak wind light sentence, do not feel heart safe supernatural ease; It is thick to cover weight empty, if universe is besides me , have no matter thing more. Tiny close Mou regard , thick leaf covers Japan, dark green Luo wrap , precious pearl glorious, when between Yin dew, grey rope skirts to fly , smell its sound do not see its shape, if ascend Yu yard hears 9 Shao play also. " afterwards the Confucianism of face first opposition cavity. However, he records this above part , is hollow, deceiving in the collection stored to stay in him, with the philosophy thought that proves those half religious type ,since he advocates force trip doctrine in north.The scientific most spiritual place is to hold the attitude doubted surely; For all things, dare to doubt , have no all real rely on certainly as, do not believe. Though, this kind of attitude is negative , has great contribution however, because this attitude may make us not be superstition and Wei the slave of right. The attitude of doubt is built , is created , it is the only channel of quest truth. The purpose of doubt, is want prevail against feel uncertain , want establishment a new faith. It is not only the faith with old opposition , has also aroused a lot of new problems , has facilitated a lot of new inventions. The biography of a lot of big scientists, if reach Er writing, He Xu Li and bus special , department and( Koch) etc., concentrate on the spirit of this kind of 'Chuang Zao De Huai Yi' enough to realize future generations. The saint of the middle ancient times based on faith, modern scientist based on doubt. 6 However the most spiritual place of modern western civilization, still when its new religion. This religion has no proper name, call 'Min Zhi De Zong Jiao' temporarily. Modern civilization is not throughout religious , but has caused a kind of new religion as a result; Also indifferent morals have however produced a kind of new morals standard. Honesty says that in 156 century, European big powers may say that is the country of robber type. The big hero at that time as Columbus, wheat Zhe Lun and virtue Rui g etc. are some sea robbers , brave the wind and the waves for their treasures this kind of risky career, government is their economic backing, they when outside honor or disgrace, is also related with state system. Their religion is to speak universal fraternity , their morals standard is to punish to reproach the but these explorers that plunder and do not take notice of such religion and morals.The behavior of this kind of robber, have opened up a lot of move Zhi the New World of trade, have increased power and influence and the wealth of European big powers , have excited a lot of persons to invent and manufacture is warm. Then, it is industrial revolution , changes the method of production completely, suddenly, time increases the productivity of various countries. Material lead a life of pleasure as increase is high, have produced a lot of middle classes , at the same time all imagine force and mood heart have also enlarged. So, all can grasp own future destiny , increase the faith heart for self, and various social consciousnesses and social morals have also emerged as the times require. It is more various , has caused people to treat the new religion of doctrine. I claim new religion , am the individualism of the ideal of 18 century, as well as the socialism of near 100 years.The new article of faith of 18 century is free, equal , universal fraternity. This new religion has been middle period of 19 century change into socialism. These new tendencies, is old culture place did not dream for. It is good, eastern religion also talks about what universal fraternity, what land and property are equally divided , but these are to fight only on paper however , are related not with actual social life or political organization.It is western and different. Free equal universal fraternity is law America and 184 enters the slogan of annual countries revolution; The following revolution does not be also not as good as this. Take the constitution of the republic each recently , concentrate on this kind of spirit. This number has overthrown king, empire, noble; Have realized the equality of crowd in law and the freedom of ideological speech publication faith; And have liberated woman , have popularized education.It is socialist may say that replenish early stage people treats personal doctrine thought, it is that people treats the part in sport process. Have been middle period of 19 century, the organization of economy is gradually complex, capital is concentrated , with reason past let pass unchecked doctrine, can not reach the purpose of equal freedom. All oppose the compulsory education, since it intrudes individual, is free; Opposition Lao Zi Fa and factory France are the laws of certain class since it is special. In modern age, economic organization has changed , must also have a kind of new social and political philosophy in order to meet the needs of this kind of new organization. Therefore everything is socialist to move , eliminating what economic history sight class is to use the strength of social masses or government for the most biggest happinesses however besides theory of struggle. This sport general idea may divide two big tributaries. As soon as being organization trade union, use the method of organization negotiation or strike in order to enhance the interests of labor class. As soon as being to use the strength of government, harmonize class struggle , and at the same time try to carry out socialist thought , force worker to be safe as receipt legacy tax and the tax gotten , restrict working hour , work out minimum wages etc.. No matter use those method before, if a lot of see is very dangerous socialist thought, now realizes is entering the law of country each recently or policy goes up. Though, we may believe that it is sacred that property has right, but actually, it is large amount that legacy tax has become one of each government income with the tax gotten. Britain is capitalist base camp, but the labourer party of Britain has organized government , and soon has the hope of coming on stage still. America tries best to advocate individual, is free, but American government forces prohibition against alcoholic drinks still, nowadays world, already do not know not sleep tend to the road of socialism.
This kind of people is religious as treating , not is personal and free specially, also not is the freedom of others specially, being to try make every one men and women can get freedom. Besides increasing the happiness of tall person with science and machinery, it is still the most great spiritual civilization of the West using the life that system and law make the most ones get happiness - - this. I may ask: Woman liberation, people treats government system , popularizes education, whether produce from eastern spiritual civilization come out? Burn widow , tolerate class system and woman foot-binding , is all this kind of to grow , whether spiritual civilization? 7 Now we will the( spiritual civilization) goods and material of spiritual( materialistic civilization) is the conclusion of this. Material civilization has object and ideological two meanings simultaneously, because all utensils are ideological expression. Western automobile civilization is material and civilized no doubt, and eastern wheelbarrow civilization can not say that is not material and civilized. Nowadays mostly will only this thing civilized word adds on modern western civilization, but I think of this word to add , is relatively appropriate on backward eastern civilization. Only the meaning of thing civilization, is limited to for material, can not prevail against material; If east can not use intelligence, defeats material environment , improves the life of crowd. Eastern sage advises person to be content , trusts to luck , pitch-dark respect Bai Bodhisattva; It is this kind of to hypnotize the philosophy of type , compares the house that they live in , the food eaten, place Bai idol, still only thing.Otherwise, if some culture can use intelligence, conquest is natural, break away from superstition to cover t , improve all social political systems , think that mankind is just genuine spiritual civilization with a maximum of several happiness - - this, this kind of culture still increases progress continuously in the future, however, its progress will not turn to the eastern channel of spiritual civilization, shine it has gone the channel gone to, continuity goes on. Carry " the future of mankind"( Xi Jian translate , the Shanghai commercial Indian book of 19 years house edition). This writing is Bi ear virtue( Charles A.Beard) volume one of Whether Manknid Zhang. Xi Jian translation have have to be recklessly suitable to proofread , after writing, is prepared with Hu Shi Xin , explain that this text has published with Chinese in 1926, named as" our attitude for modern Western civilization"; In 1928, using English weight to do have change slightly, these changes also useful Chinese publication error, receiving in recklessly suitable writing store 3 fairs.
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